Merge and Migrate Data from Sharded Tables in the Pessimistic Mode

This document introduces the sharding support feature provided by Data Migration (DM) in the pessimistic mode (the default mode). This feature allows you to merge and migrate the data of tables with the same table schema in the upstream MySQL or MariaDB instances into one same table in the downstream TiDB.

Restrictions

DM has the following sharding DDL usage restrictions in the pessimistic mode:

• For a logical sharding group (composed of all sharded tables that need to be merged and migrated into one same downstream table), it is limited to use one task containing exactly the sources of sharded tables to perform the migration.
• In a logical sharding group, the same DDL statements must be executed in the same order in all upstream sharded tables (the schema name and the table name can be different), and the next DDL statement cannot be executed unless the current DDL operation is completely finished.
  • For example, if you add column A to table_1 before you add column B, then you cannot add column B to table_2 before you add column A. Executing the DDL statements in a different order is not supported.
• In a sharding group, the corresponding DDL statements should be executed in all upstream sharded tables.
  • For example, if DDL statements are not executed on one or more upstream sharded tables corresponding to DM-worker-2, then other DM-workers that have executed the DDL statements pause their migration task and wait for DM-worker-2 to receive the upstream DDL statements.
• The sharding group migration task does not support DROP DATABASE/DROP TABLE.
  • The sync unit in DM-worker automatically ignores the DROP DATABASE/DROP TABLE statement of upstream sharded tables.
• The sharding group migration task does not support TRUNCATE TABLE.
  • The sync unit in DM-worker automatically ignores the TRUNCATE TABLE statement of upstream sharded tables.
• The sharding group migration task supports RENAME TABLE, but with the following limitations (online DDL is supported in another solution):
  • A table can only be renamed to a new name that is not used by any other table.
  • A single RENAME TABLE statement can only involve a single RENAME operation.
• The sharding group migration task requires each DDL statement to involve operations on only one table.
• The table schema of each sharded table must be the same at the starting point of the incremental replication task, so as to make sure the DML statements of different sharded tables can be migrated into the downstream with a definite table schema, and the subsequent sharding DDL statements can be correctly matched and migrated.
• If you need to change the table routing rule, you have to wait for the migration of all sharding DDL statements to complete.
  • During the migration of sharding DDL statements, an error is reported if you use dmctl to change router-rules.
• If you need to CREATE a new table to a sharding group where DDL statements are being executed, you have to make sure that the table schema is the same as the newly modified table schema.
  • For example, both the original table_1 and table_2 have two columns (a, b) initially, and have three columns (a, b, c) after the sharding DDL operation, so after the migration the newly created table should also have three columns (a, b, c).
• Because the DM-worker that has received the DDL statements will pause the task to wait for other DM-workers to receive their DDL statements, the delay of data migration will be increased.

Background

Currently, DM uses the binlog in the ROW format to perform the migration task. The binlog does not contain the table schema information. When you use the ROW binlog to migrate data, if you have not migrated multiple upstream tables into the same downstream table, then there only exist DDL operations of one upstream table that can update the table schema of the downstream table. The ROW binlog can be considered to have the nature of self-description. During the migration process, the DML statements can be constructed accordingly with the column values and the downstream table schema.

However, in the process of merging and migrating sharded tables, if DDL statements are executed on the upstream tables to modify the table schema, then you need to perform extra operations to migrate the DDL statements so as to avoid the inconsistency between the DML statements produced by the column values and the actual downstream table schema.

Here is a simple example:

In the above example, the merging process is simplified, where only two MySQL instances exist in the upstream and each instance has only one table. When the migration begins, the table schema version of two sharded tables is marked as schema V1, and the table schema version after executing DDL statements is marked as schema V2.

Now assume that in the migration process, the binlog data received from the two upstream sharded tables has the following time sequence:

1. When the migration begins, the sync unit in DM-worker receives the DML events of schema V1 from the two sharded tables.
2. At t1, the sharding DDL events from instance 1 are received.
3. From t2 on, the sync unit receives the DML events of schema V2 from instance 1; but from instance 2, it still receives the DML events of schema V1.
4. At t3, the sharding DDL events from instance 2 are received.
5. From t4 on, the sync unit receives the DML events of schema V2 from instance 2 as well.

Assume that the DDL statements of sharded tables are not processed during the migration process. After DDL statements of instance 1 are migrated to the downstream, the downstream table schema is changed to schema V2. But for instance 2, the sync unit in DM-worker is still receiving DML events of schema V1 from t2 to t3. Therefore, when the DML statements of schema V1 are migrated to the downstream, the inconsistency between the DML statements and the table schema can cause errors and the data cannot be migrated successfully.

Principles

This section shows how DM migrates DDL statements in the process of merging sharded tables based on the above example in the pessimistic mode.

In this example, DM-worker-1 migrates the data from MySQL instance 1 and DM-worker-2 migrates the data from MySQL instance 2. DM-master coordinates the DDL migration among multiple DM-workers. Starting from DM-worker-1 receiving the DDL statements, the DDL migration process is simplified as follows:

1. DM-worker-1 receives the DDL statement from MySQL instance 1 at t1, pauses the data migration of the corresponding DDL and DML statements, and sends the DDL information to DM-master.
2. DM-master decides that the migration of this DDL statement needs to be coordinated based on the received DDL information, creates a lock for this DDL statement, sends the DDL lock information back to DM-worker-1 and marks DM-worker-1 as the owner of this lock at the same time.
3. DM-worker-2 continues migrating the DML statement until it receives the DDL statement from MySQL instance 2 at t3, pauses the data migration of this DDL statement, and sends the DDL information to DM-master.
4. DM-master decides that the lock of this DDL statement already exists based on the received DDL information, and sends the lock information directly to DM-worker-2.
5. Based on the configuration information when the task is started, the sharded table information in the upstream MySQL instances, and the deployment topology information, DM-master decides that it has received this DDL statement of all upstream sharded tables to be merged, and requests the owner of the DDL lock (DM-worker-1) to migrate this DDL statement to the downstream.
6. DM-worker-1 verifies the DDL statement execution request based on the DDL lock information received at Step #2, migrates this DDL statement to the downstream, and sends the results to DM-master. If this operation is successful, DM-worker-1 continues migrating the subsequent (starting from the binlog at t2) DML statements.
7. DM-master receives the response from the lock owner that the DDL is successfully executed, and requests all other DM-workers (DM-worker-2) that are waiting for the DDL lock to ignore this DDL statement and then continue to migrate the subsequent (starting from the binlog at t4) DML statements.

The characteristics of DM handling the sharding DDL migration among multiple DM-workers can be concluded as follows:

• Based on the task configuration and DM cluster deployment topology information, a logical sharding group is built in DM-master to coordinate DDL migration. The group members are DM-workers that handle each sub-task divided from the migration task).
• After receiving the DDL statement from the binlog event, each DM-worker sends the DDL information to DM-master.
• DM-master creates or updates the DDL lock based on the DDL information received from each DM-worker and the sharding group information.
• If all members of the sharding group receive a same specific DDL statement, this indicates that all DML statements before the DDL execution on the upstream sharded tables have been completely migrated, and this DDL statement can be executed. Then DM can continue to migrate the subsequent DML statements.
• After being converted by the table router, the DDL statement of the upstream sharded tables must be consistent with the DDL statement to be executed in the downstream. Therefore, this DDL statement only needs to be executed once by the DDL owner and all other DM-workers can ignore this DDL statement.

In the above example, only one sharded table needs to be merged in the upstream MySQL instance corresponding to each DM-worker. But in actual scenarios, there might be multiple sharded tables in multiple sharded schemas to be merged in one MySQL instance. And when this happens, it becomes more complex to coordinate the sharding DDL migration.

Assume that there are two sharded tables, namely table_1 and table_2, to be merged in one MySQL instance:

Because data comes from the same MySQL instance, all the data is obtained from the same binlog stream. In this case, the time sequence is as follows:

1. The sync unit in DM-worker receives the DML statements of schema V1 from both sharded tables when the migration begins.
2. At t1, the sync unit in DM-worker receives the DDL statements of table_1.
3. From t2 to t3, the received data includes the DML statements of schema V2 from table_1 and the DML statements of schema V1 from table_2.
4. At t3, the sync unit in DM-worker receives the DDL statements of table_2.
5. From t4 on, the sync unit in DM-worker receives the DML statements of schema V2 from both tables.

If the DDL statements are not processed particularly during the data migration, when the DDL statement of table_1 is migrated to the downstream and changes the downstream table schema, the DML statement of schema V1 from table_2 cannot be migrated successfully. Therefore, within a single DM-worker, a logical sharding group similar to that within DM-master is created, except that members of this group are different sharded tables in the same upstream MySQL instance.

But when a DM-worker coordinates the migration of the sharding group within itself, it is not totally the same as that performed by DM-master. The reasons are as follows:

• When the DM-worker receives the DDL statement of table_1, it cannot pause the migration and needs to continue parsing the binlog to get the subsequent DDL statements of table_2. This means it needs to continue parsing between t2 and t3.
• During the binlog parsing process between t2 and t3, the DML statements of schema V2 from table_1 cannot be migrated to the downstream until the sharding DDL statement is migrated and successfully executed.

In DM, the simplified migration process of sharding DDL statements within the DM worker is as follows:

1. When receiving the DDL statement of table_1 at t1, the DM-worker records the DDL information and the current position of the binlog.
2. DM-worker continues parsing the binlog between t2 and t3.
3. DM-worker ignores the DML statement with the schema V2 schema that belongs to table_1, and migrates the DML statement with the schema V1 schema that belongs to table_2 to the downstream.
4. When receiving the DDL statement of table_2 at t3, the DM-worker records the DDL information and the current position of the binlog.
5. Based on the information of the migration task configuration and the upstream schemas and tables, the DM-worker decides that the DDL statements of all sharded tables in the MySQL instance have been received and migrates them to the downstream to modify the downstream table schema.
6. DM-worker sets the starting point of parsing the new binlog stream to be the position saved at Step #1.
7. DM-worker resumes parsing the binlog between t2 and t3.
8. DM-worker migrates the DML statement with the schema V2 schema that belongs to table_1 to the downstream, and ignores the DML statement with the schema V1 schema that belongs to table_2.
9. After parsing the binlog position saved at Step #4, the DM-worker decides that all DML statements that have been ignored in Step #3 have been migrated to the downstream again.
10. DM-worker resumes the migration starting from the binlog position at t4.

You can conclude from the above analysis that DM mainly uses two-level sharding groups for coordination and control when handling migration of the sharding DDL. Here is the simplified process:

1. Each DM-worker independently coordinates the DDL statements migration for the corresponding sharding group composed of multiple sharded tables within the upstream MySQL instance.
2. After the DM-worker receives the DDL statements of all sharded tables, it sends the DDL information to DM-master.
3. DM-master coordinates the DDL migration of the sharding group composed of the DM-workers based on the received DDL information.
4. After receiving the DDL information from all DM-workers, DM-master requests the DDL lock owner (a specific DM-worker) to execute the DDL statement.
5. The DDL lock owner executes the DDL statement and returns the result to DM-master. Then the owner restarts the migration of the previously ignored DML statements during the internal coordination of DDL migration.
6. After DM-master confirms that the owner has successfully executed the DDL statement, it asks all other DM-workers to continue the migration.
7. All other DM-workers separately restart the migration of the previously ignored DML statements during the internal coordination of DDL migration.
8. After finishing migrating the ignored DML statements again, all DM-workers resume the normal migration process.